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St Nikolas

Ο Άγιος Νικόλαος είναι άγιος της Ανατολικής Ορθόδοξης, αλλά και της Ρωμαιοκαθολικής Εκκλησίας. Έζησε τον 4ο αιώνα μ.Χ. στα Μύρα της Μικράς Ασίας. Ο Άγιος Νικόλαος γεννήθηκε τον 3ο αιώνα μ.Χ. στα Πάταρα της Λυκίας, από γονείς ευσεβείς και πλουσίους, την εποχή των αυτοκρατόρων Διοκλητιανού, Μαξιμιανού και έτυχε επιμελημένης μόρφωσης. Όμως, σε νεαρή ηλικία έμεινε ορφανός και κληρονόμος μιας μεγάλης περιουσίας. Από πολύ νωρίς είχε αφιερωθεί στα Θεία όπου και μετά την ματάβασή του στα Ιεροσόλυμα για να προσκυνήσει τον Τίμιο Σταυρό και τον Πανάγιο Τάφο, όταν επέστρεψε στην πατρίδα του χειροτονήθηκε ιερέας στα Πάταρα. Στην αρχή αφιερώθηκε στον ασκητικό βίο κι έγινε ηγούμενος της Μονής Σιών στα Μύρα της Λυκίας. Όταν απεβίωσε ο τότε Αρχιεπίσκοπος Μύρων της Λυκίας, οι επίσκοποι, δια θεϊκής αποκαλύψεως, έκαναν Αρχιεπίσκοπο τον Νικόλαο. Από την θέση αυτή ανέπτυξε έντονη δράση και επεξέτεινε τους αγώνες του για την προστασία των φτωχών και των απόρων ιδρύοντας νοσοκομεία και διάφορα φιλανθρωπικά ιδρύματα. Προικισμένος με υψηλό χριστιανικό φρόνημα, ακαταμάχητο θάρρος και ζωτικότητα εμψύχωνε τους διωκόμενους από τους Ρωμαίους χριστιανούς διωκόμενος και εξοριζόμενος και ο ίδιος για τη στάση του αυτή.

Κατά τους διωγμούς του Διοκλητιανού υπέστη βασανιστήρια. Όταν όμως ανήλθε στον αυτοκρατορικό θρόνο ο Μέγας Κωνσταντίνος ελευθερώθηκαν όλοι οι χριστιανοί και έτσι ο Νικόλαος επανήλθε στο αρχιεπισκοπικό θρόνο. Σύμφωνα με την παράδοση, ήταν προικισμένος με το χάρισμα της θαυματουργίας και έσωσε πολλούς ανθρώπους, και όσο ήταν εν ζωή αλλά και μετά την κοίμησή του. Αναφέρονται πλείστα θαύματα του Αγίου όπως η απελευθέρωση των τριών στρατηλάτων, θεραπείες νοσούντων και αποκαταστάσεις φτωχών μεταξύ των οποίων και η περίπτωση που έγινε πολύ γνωστή, παρά τη θέληση του Νικολάου, όταν ένας φτωχός οικογενειάρχης, που κατοικούσε στην περιοχή της παρίδας του Αγίου, και δεν είχε χρήματα να προικίσει τις τρεις κόρες του, σκόπευε πάνω στην απελπισία του να τις στείλει να γίνουν πόρνες σε οίκο ανοχής, προκειμένου να εξασφαλίσει χρήματα. Όταν το έμαθε αυτό ο Νικόλαος, άρχισε να πηγαίνει μυστικά έξω από το σπίτι εκείνο τις νύχτες και να αφήνει σακούλια με χρήματα. Σε τρεις νύχτες εξασφάλισε την προίκα των τριών κοριτσιών, αφήνοντας 100 χρυσά νομίσματα στην κάθε μία. Την τρίτη φορά όμως, ο πατέρας είχε παραφυλάξει για να δει ποιος ήταν ο άγνωστος ευεργέτης, κι αντελήφθηκε τον Άγιο, που τον παρακάλεσε να μην το αποκαλύψει σε κανέναν. Έτσι, οι τρεις κόρες παντρεύτηκαν κι ο πατέρας μετανόησε για την πρόθεσή του.

Το 325 μ.Χ έλαβε μέρος στην Α' Οικουμενική Σύνοδο, που έγινε στη Νίκαια της Βιθυνίας, και καταπολέμησε τις διδασκαλίες του Αρείου. Λέγεται ότι κατά τη Σύνοδο χαστούκισε τον Άρειο και ο Μέγας Κωνσταντίνος τον έβαλε στη φυλακή. Όταν επέστρεψε απο τη Σύνοδο, συνέχισε το ποιμαντικό του έργο μέχρι τα βαθιά γεράματα. Ο άγιος Νικόλαος πέθανε ειρηνικά στις 6 Δεκεμβρίου του έτους 330 μ. Χ. (Κατ’ άλλους του 345 ή 352 μ.Χ.) Μετά την κοίμησή του ονομάστηκε «μυροβλύτης», καθώς τα λείψανά του άρχισαν να αναβλύζουν άγιο μύρο, όπως και άλλων αγίων. Τα λείψανά του διατηρήθηκαν στα Μύρα έως και τον ενδέκατο αιώνα, όπου το 1087 κάποιοι ναύτες τα αφαίρεσαν και τα μετέφεραν στην Ιταλία, στην πόλη Μπάρι, όπου τοποθετήθηκαν στο Ναό του Αγίου Στεφάνου. Λέγεται ότι κατά την τέλεση της θείας λειτουργίας άρχισε να αναβλύζει τόσο πολύ μύρο από τα ιερά λείψανα, που οι πιστοί το μάζευαν σε δοχεία για θεραπεία από διάφορες αρρώστιες, ενώ αρκετοί λιποθυμούσαν από την ευωδία του μύρου αυτού. Η μνήμη του γιορτάζεται στις 6 Δεκεμβρίου τόσο από την Ορθόδοξη, όσο και από την Ρωμαιοκαθολική Εκκλησία.

Ο νέος τάφος του αγίου Νικολάου στο Μπάρι ανοίχτηκε τη νύχτα της 5ης προς την 6η Μαΐου του 1953, επειδή έπρεπε να γίνουν αναστηλωτικά και αναπαλαιωτικά έργα στη Βασιλική του αγίου Στεφάνου. Με την ευκαιρία αυτή έγινε αναγνωριστικός έλεγχος και καταμέτρηση των οστών που βρέθηκαν στον τάφο από τον καθηγητή της Ανατομίας του Πανεπιστημίου του Bari Luigi Martino, με τη βοήθεια του Δρ. Venezia Luigi. Μετά, τα λείψανα τοποθετήθηκαν σε γυάλινη κάψα και τέθηκαν σε προσκύνημα στη Βασιλική του Αγίου. Το1957, ο ίδιος καθηγητής, με τον ίδιο βοηθό πραγματοποίησαν μια δεύτερη εξέταση των λειψάνων, τα οποία αμέσως μετά τοποθετήθηκαν στη σαρκοφάγο από όπου τα είχαν βγάλει αρχικά. Επρόκειτο για μια «ανατομική ανθρωπολογική μελέτη, που απέβλεπε στον προσδιορισμό και την αποτύπωση της εικόνας και των χαρακτηριστικών των οστών και κυρίως στην ανασύνθεση της φυσικής εμφάνισης ή ακόμη και της εικονογραφικής μορφής του ατόμου, στο όποιο άνηκαν τα υπό εξέταση οστικά λείψανα». Η εξέταση απέδειξε ότι πολλά τμήματα των οστών έλειπαν, και ότι η κάρα είχε διατηρηθεί καλύτερα από τα υπόλοιπα. Παράλληλα, όταν ανοίχτηκε ή σαρκοφάγος, τα οστά βρέθηκαν βουτηγμένα σ’ ένα υγρό διαυγές, άχρωμο και άοσμο, σαν νερό που βγαίνει από βράχο. Όσα οστά βρίσκονταν πάνω από τη στάθμη του υγρού, που έφτανε στα 2-3 εκ. μ. από τον πυθμένα της σαρκοφάγου, ήταν υγρά όπως και τα εσωτερικά τοιχώματα της. Επίσης από αυτό το υγρό ήταν γεμάτες οι μυελοκυψέλες των σπογγωδών οστών. Η εξέταση του υγρού στα Ινστιτούτα Χημείας και Υγιεινής του Πανεπιστημίου του Bari έδειξε ότι επρόκειτο για νερό καθαρό, ελεύθερο από άλατα και στείρο από μικροοργανισμούς. Οι ρωμαιοκαθολικοί του έχουν δώσει τη χαρακτηριστική ονομασία «Manna». Τα σχετικά Αγιολογικά κείμενα λένε ότι και όταν οι βαρηνοί ναύτες έσπασαν την πλάκα, του τάφου του Αγίου στα Μύρα, για να πάρουν τα λείψανα, τα βρήκαν μέσα σε «Θείο μύρο», (άλλοι γράφουν Sanctus liguor ή oleum). Σύμφωνα με τον ερευνητή καθηγητή, η ύπαρξη του υγρού αυτού στη σαρκοφάγο επέδρασε ευεργετικά στην καλύτερη συντήρηση των οστών όλους αυτούς τους αιώνες που πέρασαν. Η μελέτη των οστών έδειξε ότι ο κάτοχός τους έπασχε από αγκυλωτική σπονδυλαρθρίτιδα και διάχυτη ενδοκρανιακή υπερόστωση. Θεωρείται ότι αυτά πρέπει να κληροδοτήθηκαν στον Άγιο από κάποια υγρή φυλακή, όπου θα πέρασε αρκετά χρόνια της ζωής του και μάλιστα σε προχωρημένη ηλικία, όπως μαρτυρούν τα σχετικά αγιολογικά κείμενα. Ο ίδιος καθηγητής εκτέλεσε ανάπλαση της μορφής του αγίου Νικολάου με βάση τα οστά της κάρας του, και το αποτέλεσμα έμοιαζε με τη μορφή του αγίου όπως εικονίζεται στο Παρεκκλήσιο του Άγ. Ισιδώρου της Βασιλικής του Άγ. Μάρκου Βενετίας.

Ο Άγιος Νικόλαος , θεωρείται ο κατ' εξοχήν προστάτης των Ναυτικών καθώς και του Ελληνικού Πολεμικού Ναυτικού και Λιμενικού Σώματος, γιατί στον βίο του αναφέρονται θαύματα που έχουν σχέση με τη θάλασσα. Για το λόγο αυτό, όλα τα πλοία του πολεμικού ναυτικού, καθώς και όλα τα εμπορικά, φέρουν την εικόνα του. Παρεκκλήσια που φέρονται επί πλοίων είναι αφιερωμένα στον Άγιο Νικόλαο, όπως και εκείνο στο ιστορικό Θ/Κ Γ.Αβέρωφ. Επίσης πολλά πλεούμενα παίρνουν το όνομά του και ως προστάτης των ναυτικών αναφέρεται και σε πολλά νησιώτικα τραγούδια. Η ημέρα τιμής του Αγίου Νικολάου είναι επίσημη αργία σε όλα τα ελληνικά πλοία, λιμένες, Υπηρεσίες λιμένων και ναυτιλιακές εταιρείες. Επίσημη επίσης αργία είναι για το Πολεμικό Ναυτικό, το Υπουργείο Εμπορικής Ναυτιλίας και το Λιμενικό Σώμα.

Στη Δύση η γιορτή του αγίου Νικολάου, που λέγεται Santa Claus, συνδέεται με τα Χριστούγεννα και με την ανταλλαγή δώρων που γίνεται τότε. Και στην Ελλάδα ταυτίζεται η μορφή του Άγιου Βασίλη (Santa Claus) που φοράει κόκκινα ρούχα και έχει λευκή γενειάδα με τον άγιο Βασίλειο, στην ουσία όμως ο συμβολισμός αναφέρεται στον άγιο Νικόλαο και περιέχει στοιχεία από παγανιστικές, προχριστιανικές δοξασίες για τον "πατέρα του χιονιού" κτλ.


Saint Nikolas (from Greek Nikolaos: victory of the people) is the common name for Nicholas, Bishop of Myra, who had a reputation for secret gift-giving, but is now commonly identified with Santa Claus. Among Orthodox Christians, the historical Saint Nicholas is remembered and revered. Saint Nicholas is the patron saint of sailors, merchants, archers, children, and students in Greece, Bulgaria, Georgia , Russia, FYROM, Slovakia, Serbia and Montenegro. He is also the patron saint of Barranquilla (Colombia), Bari (Italy) Amsterdam (Netherlands), and of Beit Jala in the West Bank of Palestine.

Nicholas was born in Asia Minor during the third century in the Greek colony of Patara in the Roman province of Lycia, at a time when the region was Hellenistic in its culture and outlook. Nicholas became bishop of the city of Myra. He was very religious from an early age and devoted his life entirely to Christianity. According to legend, Nicholas was said to have rigorously observed the canonical fasts of Wednesdays and Fridays, even when an infant, by abstaining on those days from his mother's breasts. Nicholas is said to have been born to relatively affluent Christian parents in Patara, Lycia, where he also received his early schooling.                      

As the patron saint of sailors, Nicholas is claimed to have been a sailor or fisherman himself. More likely, however, is that one of his family businesses involved managing a fishing fleet. When his parents died, Nicholas still received his inheritance but is said to have given it away to charity. So was St Nicholas a working, albeit wealthy, man who complemented his day job with caring for his congregation, or was he a full-time bishop? The impressive list of deeds of Nicholas seems to point to the latter. This does not mean, however, that his appointment to priest or bishop meant a complete rupture with his former life. More likely this was a gradual process.         Nicholas' early activities as a priest are said to have occurred during the reign of co-ruling Roman Emperors Diocletian (reigned 284–305) and Maximian (reigned 286–305) from which comes the estimation of his age. Diocletian issued an edict in 303 authorising the systematic persecution of Christians across the Empire. Following the abdication of the two Emperors on May 1, 305 the policies of their successors towards Christians were different. In the Western part of the Empire Constantius Chlorus (reigned 305–306) put an end to the systematic persecution upon his accession to the throne. In the Eastern part Galerius (reigned 305–311) continued the persecution until 311 when he issued a general edict of toleration from his deathbed. The persecution of 303–311 is considered to be the longest in the history of the Empire. Nicholas survived this period, although his activities at the time are uncertain.                                                                                             

Following Galerius' death his surviving co-ruler Licinius (reigned 307–324) mostly tolerated Christians. As a result their community was allowed to further develop, and the various bishops who acted as their leaders managed to concentrate religious, social, and political influence as well as wealth in their hands. In many cases they acted as the heads of their respective cities. It is apparently in this period that Nicholas rose to become bishop of Myra. Judging from tradition, he was probably well loved and respected in his area, mostly as a result of his charitable activities. As with other bishops of the time, Nicholas's popularity would serve to ensure his position and influence during and after this period.                                            

The destruction of several pagan temples is also attributed to him, among them one temple of Artemis (also known as Diana). Because the celebration of Diana's birth is on December 6, some authors have speculated that this date was deliberately chosen for Nicholas's feast day to overshadow or replace the pagan celebrations. Not only was Nicholas intolerant of Pagans, he was also intolerant of other Christians who did not hold the same views as himself. Nicholas is also said to have to have been present at the council of Nice, where he became so angry upon hearing the alternative views of another Christian named Arius that he is said to have rushed over and to have inflicted a tremendous box on his ear, sending Arius to the ground. Nicholas is also known for coming to the defence of the falsely accused, often preventing them from being executed, and for his prayers on behalf of sailors and other travelers. The popular veneration of Nicholas as a saint seems to have started relatively early. Justinian I, Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire (reigned 527–565) is reported to have built a temple (i.e. a church building) in Nicholas's honour in Constantinople, the Roman capital of the time.                                                  

On August 26, 1071 Romanus IV, Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire (reigned 1068–1071) faced Sultan Alp Arslan of the Seljuk Turks (reigned 1059–1072) in the Battle of Manzikert. The battle ended in humiliating defeat and capture for Romanus. As a result the Empire temporarily lost control over most of Asia Minor to the invading Seljuk Turks. It would regain its control over Asia Minor during the reign of Alexius I Comnenus (reigned 1081–1118). But early in his reign Myra was overtaken by the Islamic invaders. Taking advantage of the confusion, sailors from Bari, Italy, seized the remains of the saint over the objections of the Orthodox monks. Returning to Bari, they brought the remains with them and cared for them. The remains arrived on May 9, 1087. Some observers have reported seeing myrrh exude from these relics. According to a local legend, some of these remains were brought via three pilgrims to a church in what is now Nikolausberg in the vicinity of the city of Göttingen, Germany, giving the church and village its name. There is also a Venetian legend (preserved in the Morosini Chronicle) that most of the remains were actually taken to Venice (where a great church to St Nicholas, the patron of sailors, was built on the Lido), and only an arm was left at Bari. Local lore in Kilkenny, Ireland reveals that some of his remains were brought back from the Crusades by a local knight, and buried near Thomastown.                                                          

Whereas the importance of relics and the business associated with pilgrims and patron saints caused the remains of most saints to be spread over several churches in several countries, St Nicholas is unique in that most of his bones have been preserved in one spot: his grave crypt in Bari. Even with the still continuing miracle of the manna, the Roman Catholic Church has allowed for one scientific survey of the bones. In the late 1950s, during a restoration of the chapel, it allowed a team of hand-picked scientists to photograph and measure the contents of the crypt grave. In the summer of 2005, the report of these measurements was sent to a forensic laboratory in England. The review of the data revealed that the historical St Nicholas was barely five feet in height (while not exactly small, still shorter than average, even for his time) and had a broken nose.                                                      

Saint Nicholas is the patron saint of sailors and is often called upon by sailors who are in danger of drowning or being shipwrecked. According to one legend, as a young man Nicholas went to study in Alexandria and on one of his (sea) voyages from Myra to Alexandria he is said to have saved the life of a sailor who fell from the ship's rigging in a storm. In a colourful version of this legend, Nicholas saved the man on his voyage back from Alexandria to Myra and upon his arrival took the sailor to the church. At that time the old bishop had just died and the church fathers were instructed in a dream to choose for their next bishop a "man who conquers" (Greek: nikei). While the saint was praying, the loose-lipped sailor went around telling how courageously he was saved by the man Nikei-Laos, upon which the church elders had no choice but to appoint Nicholas as their new bishop.                             

Another legend tells how a terrible famine struck the island and a malicious butcher lured three little children into his house, and killed and slaughtered them and put their remains in a barrel to cure, planning to sell them off as ham. Saint Nicholas, visiting the region to care for the hungry, not only saw through the butcher's horrific crime but also managed to resurrect the three boys from the barrel. Another version of this story, possibly formed around the eleventh century, claims that they were instead three clerks who wished to stay the night. The man murdered them, and was advised by his wife to dispose of them by turning them into meat pies. The Saint saw through this and brought the men back to life. This alternative version is thought to be the origin of the English horror legend of Sweeney Todd.                 

In his most famous exploit however, a poor man had three daughters but could not afford a proper dowry for them. This meant that they would remain unmarried and probably, in absence of any other possible employment would have to become prostitutes. Hearing of the poor man's plight, Nicholas decided to help him but being too modest (or too shy) to help the man in public, he went to his house under the cover of night and threw three purses filled with gold coins through the window opening onto the man's floor. One version has him throwing one purse for three consecutive nights. Another has him throw the purses over a period of three years, each time the night before one of the daughters comes "of age". Invariably the third time the father lies in waiting, trying to discover their benefactor. In one version the father confronts the saint, only to have Saint Nicholas say it is not him he should thank, but God alone. In another version, Nicholas learns of the poor man's plan and drops the third bag down the chimney instead. For his help to the poor, Nicholas is the patron saint of pawnbrokers; the three gold balls traditionally hung outside a pawnshop symbolize the three sacks of gold. People then began to suspect that he was behind a large number of other anonymous gifts to the poor, using the inheritance from his wealthy parents. After he died, people in the region continued to give to the poor anonymously, and such gifts were still often attributed to St. Nicholas. A nearly identical story is attributed by Greek folklore to Basil of Caesarea. Basil's feast day on January 1 is also considered a time of exchanging gifts.
It is said that in Myra the bones of Saint Nicholas each year sweat out a clear watery liquid, called Manna, which of course was said to possess immense powers. As the bones were stolen and brought to Bari, they continued to do so, much to the joy of the new owners. So even up to today, a flask of manna is extracted from the tomb of Saint Nicholas every year on December 6th (the Saint's feast day). It is however worth noting that the tomb lies at sea level in a harbor town so the occurrence of watery liquid can be explained by several theories. However, this does not stop many believers from holding to it being manna.                                   

One unusual aspect of Saint Nicholas' life is that he lived to an old age and died peacefully in his own bed. At a time when most saints died for their faith in manners most unusual and cruel, this made him stand out, together with Saint Martin, who also died of old age.                                                                                

Among the Greeks and Italians he is a favourite of sailors, fishermen, ships and sailing. As such he has become over time the patron saint of several cities maintaining harbours. In centuries of Greek folklore, Nicholas was seen as "The Lord of the Sea", often described by modern Greek scholars as a kind of Christianised version of Poseidon. In modern Greece, he is still easily among the most recognisable saints and December 6 finds many cities celebrating their patron saint. He is also the patron saint of all of Greece.                                                                         

In the Middle Ages, both Saint Nicholas and Martin of Tours were celebrated as true people's saints. Many churches were named for them and later gave their names to the villages that emerged around them. As described above, while most contemporary saints earned their place in heaven by dying for their faith in manners most unusual and cruel, both Nicholas and Martin lived peacefully to a ripe old age. At a time of Religious wars and Crusades the idea that one could go to heaven, even become a saint, just by the way one lived instead of the way one died must have offered a great deal of consolation for the Medieval common folk. Therefore this time made Saint Nicholas a 'popular' saint in every sense of the word, more than all his miracles combined.                                                                                      

In late medieval England, on Saint Nicholas' Day parishes held "boy-bishop" celebrations. As part of this celebration, youths performed the functions of priests and bishops, and exercised rule over their elders. Today, Saint Nicholas is still celebrated as a great gift-giver in several Western European countries. According to one source, Medieval nuns used the night of December 6th to anonymously deposit baskets of food and clothes at the doorsteps of the needy. According to another source, On December 6th every sailor or ex-sailor of the Low Countries (which at that time was virtually all of the male population) would descend to the harbour towns to participate in a church celebration for their patron saint. On the way back they would stop at one of the various Nicholas fairs to buy some hard-to-come-by goods, gifts for their loved ones and invariably some little presents for their children. While the real gifts would only be presented at Christmas, the little presents for the children were given right away, courtesy of Saint Nicholas ... or Santa Claus... This, and also his miracle of him resurrecting the three butchered children, made Saint Nicholas a patron saint of children and later students as well.                              

Due to the modern association with Christmas, Saint Nicholas is a patron saint of Christmas, as well as pawnbrokers. He was also a patron of the Varangian Guard of the Eastern Roman Emperors, who protected his relics in Bari.

 
   
   
   
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